In Southeast Asia, many forests have been cut down to produce timber and to clear land for farms and industries. The destruction of forests has reduced the habitat of wildlife. Much of Asia's wildlife is also threatened by poaching. Many people kill animals for food or hunt them to sell to zoo, medical researchers, and pet traders.
The rainforests of Southeast Asia and Oceania are under immense pressure. This rainforest region has lost a larger proportion of its original forest cover and has higher deforestation than any of the other main rainforest areas. At the same time, more people depend upon the tropical forest resources of Southeast Asia than any other place. The policy of core rainforest countries, Indonesia
With this kind of forest clearance, Southeast Asia is likely to lose more than 40% of its biodiversity by 2100, according to environmentalists. Where In Asia Is Deforestation A Problem? Indonesia's Paradise Forests, Papua New Guinea's rainforest, and the Congo's forests are in such an abundance of illegal logging that government agencies are conducting a wide-ranging investigation.
Southeast Asia's forests, from 2005 to 2015, have lost over 80 million hectaresâone-thirdâcausing a loss of 4.5% of Aboveground Forest Carbon Stocks (AFCS). Indonesia and Malaysia are leading the way for forest clearance and land conversions to agriculture and palm oil plantations.
Haplogroup E1b1a reached frequencies above 80% in many regions in West Africa, Central Africa, East Africa and Southern Africa (Trombetta et al. DNA haplogroup means a group of DNA with the same characteristic SNPs which for the present we may define as branching-off points. It is primarily distributed in Africa.
Wrongs have been righted decision-making improved. Without PLP, justice in Britain would be much the poorer. Nick Hildyard Corner House Research. Uttarakhand was formed on 9th November 2000 as the 27th State of India, when it was carved out of northern Uttar Pradesh. Located at the foothills of the Himalayan mountain ranges, it is largely a
BgJ5W. New research has found that the tropical forests in the mountains of Southeast Asia are losing trees at an accelerated rate, deepening a wide range of ecological concerns. Southeast Asia is home to about 15% of the worldâs tropical forests and help sustain plant and animal biodiversity. The trees also store carbon, keeping it out of the atmosphere where it would further contribute to warming global temperatures. But clearing the forests of trees has reduced the ecosystemâs capacity for carbon storage, according to a study recently published in Nature Sustainability. In many parts of the world, people have cleared out forests to make space for subsistence agriculture and cash crops. In Southeast Asia, illegal logging is also responsible for a huge amount of deforestation. As forests shrink, their ability to counteract human carbon emissions dwindles. âWe know there is substantial deforestation on mountains [in Southeast Asia], but we didnât know if it was increasing and how it affected carbon,â said Zhenzhong Zeng, an earth system scientist at Southern University of Science and Technology in China and a co-author of the study. âNow, we find that itâs increasing.â The researchers used satellite images to track forest loss over time and carbon density maps to calculate corresponding reductions in carbon storage capacity. Their results showed that Southeast Asia has lost 61 million hectares of forest over the last 20 years. In the 2000s, the annual loss was about an average of 2 million hectares a year. Between 2010 to 2019, that number doubled to about 4 million hectares a year. âI think whatâs surprising is just the rate that itâs occurring at, and not the fact that it is occurring,â said Alan Ziegler, a physical geographer at Mae Jo University in Thailand and another co-author of the study. About a third of trees cleared were in mountainous regions such as northern Laos, northeastern Myanmar and the Indonesian islands Sumatra and Kalimantan, the study found. Experts previously thought that these trees, protected by rugged mountain landscape, would be less affected by human intervention compared to trees found in flatter lowlands. But the study found that with cultivatable lowlands growing more limited, forest clearance has expanded into the mountains. In 2001, mountain trees made up about 24% of all trees cleared that year. By 2019, it was over 40%. FILE - A view of Khao Yai National Park, 130 kilometers north of Bangkok, Thailand, March 22, 2021. âI think itâs innovative, the way they look at how [forest loss] shifts from lowland areas to the mountain areas,â said Nophea Sasaki, who studies forest carbon monitoring at Asian Institute of Technology in Thailand and was not involved in the study. âI think thatâs a great concern.â Forests at higher elevation and on steeper slopes tend to store more carbon than lowland forests, according to the study. If people are clearing out more mountain trees, then the forests could lose even more carbon than current climate change models predict. If land is set aside, trees can regrow and restore their carbon stocks. But the natural habitats forests support and the great biodiversity they contain may be lost forever. Species unique to the region could disappear. The forestsâ protection of watersheds and flood prevention capacity may also vanish. âItâs not only about carbon. In terms of environmental destruction on a long-term basis, it would destroy nature. It would destroy all biodiversity,â Sasaki said. Complicating the picture is inconsistent monitoring and enforcement of forest protection between countries and states. Experts say advances in technology, such as the satellite data used in this study, and public attention on the issue will be important for closer monitoring and prevention of forest loss. âWe should be obligated to protect the forest because without these forests, we cannot survive,â Sasaki said.
Under a Creative Commons licenseopen accessAbstractSoutheast Asia has long promoted social forestry SF in conservation areas, fallow forests, tree plantations, areas in timber concessions and locally managed agro-forest systems, with the engagement of diverse actors and objectives. SF has evolved from early aims of empowerment and devolution of rights advocated by global reform movements, and is now reframed in the market ideal as a winâwinâwin endeavor for sustainable forest management, climate change mitigation and robust entrepreneurial livelihoods. Southeast Asian states have formulated numerous standardized SF programs and policies that are often linked to broader development goals and priorities, but which have not always been a winâ for local communities in falling short to provide full tenure rights. Civil society organizations that have provided grounded perspectives on environmental justice and rights have also converged with states on entrepreneurship and market-based solutions. Meanwhile, the private sector actor that is seen as key to these solutions is conspicuously absent within the SF policy space. Within this space of diverse and at times contradictory objectives, whose interests do SF policies serve? We examine the social forestry assemblage to investigate the different discourses, interests and agendas in the implementation of SF schemes in Indonesia, Vietnam, and the Malaysian state of Sabah. The formal SF schemes involve shifting or reinforcing old discourses around forest problems and possible solutions, territorialization processes that can lead to inequities in the exclusion of rights, participation and access, and risks exacerbating contestations and inequities in claims to forest land and resources.© 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions Tourism will always have an impact on the places visited. Sometimes the impact is good, but often it is negative. For example, if lots of people visit one place, then this can damage the environment. The question is - how can we minimize the problems without preventing people from travelling and visiting places? The main aim of ecotourism is to reduce the negative impact that tourism has on the environment and local people. The idea is to encourage tourists to think about what they do when they visit a place. It's great to talk about protecting the environment, but how do you actually do this? There are a number of key points. Tourists shouldn't drop litter, they should stay on the paths, they shouldn't interfere with wildlife and they should respect local customs and traditions. Some people see ecotourism as a contradiction. They say that any tourism needs infrastructure - roads, airports and hotels. The more tourists that visit a place, the more of these are needed and, by building more of these, you can't avoid damaging the environment. But, of course, things aren't so black and white. Living in a place of natural beauty doesn't mean that you shouldn't benefit from things like better roads. As long as the improvements benefit the local people and not just the tourists, and the local communities are consulted on plans and changes, then is there really a problem? In 2002 the United Nations celebrated the "International Year of Ecotourism". Over the past twenty years, more and more people have started taking eco-holidays. In countries such as Ecuador, Nepal, Costa Rica and Kenya, ecotourism represents a significant proportion of the tourist industry. In paragraph 4, the word "avoid" is closest in meaning to ____.
Most people are familiar with orangutansâthe big, hairy, monkey-looking creatures that share over 96 percent of our DNA. But did you know that these large primates are in danger of becoming extinct? This may lead you to wonder why is the orangutan endangered? And what efforts are being done to protect it? Keep reading as we take a closer look at these questions. Are Orangutans Going Extinct? There are three species of orangutan the Bornean, Sumatran, and Tapanuli. The Bornean orangutan is considered endangered, while the Sumatran and Tapanuli orangutans are both critically endangered. Critically endangered means that the species may go extinct from the wild within the next 15 years. So yes; if more efforts are not made to protect them, at least two of the orangutan species may go extinct, and the third one could soon become critically endangered. The good news is that people throughout the world are becoming aware of the threat and making efforts to protect the orangutans. Weâll talk more about these conservation efforts a little later in this article. Why are Orangutans Endangered? Orangutan populations have seen massive declines in recent decades. You may be wondering why; what factors have caused their decline? There are several factors that play a role in falling orangutan numbers. Letâs take a look at those factors below. Deforestation Orangutans live in tropical forests and river valleys on a few islands in southeast Asia. Many of these forests have been destroyed to make room for palm plantations. Fires Part of the deforestation process involves burning large sections of forest at a time. Not only do these controlled burns kill much of the wildlife inside, but they can also easily spread to the forests around them and grow into large, uncontained wildfires. Illegal logging In forested regions that arenât being cleared for plantations, illegal logging is a major problem. Even in protected areas, loggers will go in and cut down large numbers of trees, further reducing the orangutanâs available habitat. Poaching Though hunting orangutans is illegal, the big, slow animals are often targeted by poachers. Some orangutans are hunted for food; others, forced from their homes as their natural habitats disappear, are shot for encroaching on farming areas and eating crops. Pet trade In some regions, orangutans are in high demand as pets, though it is illegal to own or sell them. In the illegal pet trade, female orangutans are killed and their babies taken; and, according to the World Wildlife Fund âIt is thought that for each orangutan reaching Taiwan, as many as 3-5 additional animals die in the process.â What Efforts are Being Made to Save Orangutans? As you can see from the above section, orangutans face many threats. Itâs no wonder their populations are declining so rapidly. Fortunately, there are efforts being made to protect orangutans and restore their populations. Some of these efforts include Habitat conservation Local and international organizations are making efforts to reduce the number of forests being destroyed. Large areas of forest in southeast Asia are receiving legal protection against deforestation, burning, and logging; though some of these activities persist, they are not as prevalent in areas where they are illegal. Limiting pet trade Some organizations work to limit the pet trade by helping local governments enforce the laws already in place, make new laws, and rescue orangutans that have been illegally trafficked. The rescued orangutans are raised to adulthood or nursed back to health, eventually being released back into their native habitats. Monitoring populations Organizations such as the World Wildlife Fund keep track of orangutan populations, making note of fluctuations from year to year and reporting any dangerous declines. By monitoring the actual numbers of orangutans found in the wild, we can better understand how conservation efforts are making a difference and changes that still need to be made. Public awareness Many organizations throughout the world are simply trying to get the word out about the plight of the orangutan. As more people learn about the problem, many will become more interested in getting involved and supporting the efforts already being made to correct it. Check out this video to learn more about the threats to orangutans and what is being done to protect these large primates. Conclusion Orangutans are found in forested areas of southeast Asia, where they face many threats in their natural habitats. Efforts are being made to protect and restore the three orangutan species, all of which are endangered and two of which are considered critically endangered.
This is a preview. Log in through your library. Preview Journal Information The Journal of Southeast Asian Studies is one of the principal outlets for scholarly articles on Southeast Asia Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, East Timor, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam. Embracing a wide range of academic disciplines in the humanities and social sciences, the journal publishes manuscripts oriented toward a scholarly readership but written to be accessible to non-specialists. The extensive book review section includes works in Southeast Asian languages. Publisher Information Cambridge University Press is the publishing division of the University of Cambridge, one of the worldâs leading research institutions and winner of 81 Nobel Prizes. Cambridge University Press is committed by its charter to disseminate knowledge as widely as possible across the globe. It publishes over 2,500 books a year for distribution in more than 200 countries. Cambridge Journals publishes over 250 peer-reviewed academic journals across a wide range of subject areas, in print and online. Many of these journals are the leading academic publications in their fields and together they form one of the most valuable and comprehensive bodies of research available today. For more information, visit
in southeast asia many forests have been
